Analog & Digital Communication HANDWRITTEN + STUDY NOTES PDF

Unit -1
Unit-I Signals and Systems: Block diagram of a communication system, signal-definition, types of signals continuous, discrete, deterministic, non-deterministic, periodic, non-periodic, energy, power, analog and digital signals. Electromagnetic Spectra, Standard signals- DC, sinusoidal, unit step, ramp, signum, rectangular pulse, impulse(delta) signal. System definition, classification of systems, linear, nonlinear, time variant, time invariant, causal, non causal, stable and unstable systems. Fourier transforms: Time domain and frequency domain representation of signal, Fourier Transform and its properties, conditions for existence, Transform of Gate, unit step, constant, impulse, sine and cosine wave. Shifting property of delta function, convolution, time and frequency convolution theorems.

Unit -2
Unit-II Amplitude Modulation: Modulation, need of modulation, types of modulation techniques, amplitude modulation (DSB-FC), modulation index, frequency spectrum of AM wave, linear and over modulation, power relation in AM, transmission efficiency, modulation by a complex signal, bandwidth of AM, AM modulators, square law and switching modulator, advantages and disadvantages of AM. Demodulation of AM: Suppressed carrier amplitude modulation systems, DSB-SC, SSB-SC, VSB-SC systems, comparison of various amplitude modulation systems. Demodulation of AM, square law and envelope detector, synchronous detection of AM, Low and high power AM transmitters, AM receivers, TRF and superheterodyne receivers, sensitivity, selectivity and fidelity of receivers.

Unit -3
Unit-III Angle modulation: Introduction and types of angle modulation, frequency modulation, frequency deviation, modulation index, deviation ratio, bandwidth requirement of FM wave, types of FM. Phase modulation, difference between FM and PM, Direct and indirect method of FM generation, FM demodulators- slope detector, Foster seeley discriminator, ratio detector. Introduction to pulse modulation systems.

Unit -4
Unit-IV Sampling of signal: sampling theorem for low pass and Band pass signal, Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), Time division, multiplexing (TDM). Channel Bandwidth for PAMTDM signal Type of sampling instantaneous, Natural and flat top, Aperture effect, Introduction to pulse position and pulse duration modulations, Digital signal, Quantization, Quantization error, Pulse code modulation, signal to noise ratio, Companding, Data rate and Baud rate, Bit rate, multiplexed PCM signal, Differential PCM (DPCM), Delta Modulation (DM) and Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM), comparison of various systems.

Unit -5
Unit-V Digital modulations Techniques: Generation, detection, equation and Bandwidth of amplitude shift keying (ASK) Binary Phase Shift keying (BPSK), Differential phase shift keying (DPSK), offset and non offset quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-Ary PSK, Binary frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), M-Ary FSK Quadrature Amplitude modulation (QAM). 1. Differentiate Analog and Digital Signal and types of signals. 2. Understand the communication of information over the communication channel. 3. Understand how information signal of low frequency can be transmitted with the help of modulation techniques over a long distance. 4. Differentiate different modulation techniques such as AM, SSB, DSB and FM. 5. Explain using block diagrams, modulation and demodulation techniques for digital signal and determine bandwidth requirement

List of Experiments:
1. AM Modulation and Demodulation (Envelope Detector)
2. Frequency modulation using reactance modulator.
3. Frequency modulation using varactor modulator.
4. Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
5. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
6. Analog Multiplexing.
7. Amplitude Modulation using Pspice
8. Receiver characteristics (selectivity, sensitivity, fidelity).
9. Operation of foster-seeley loop detector.
10. Operation of ratio detector.